Ground Effect and Left-Turning Tendencies

Close to the ground — within about a wingspan — the surface interferes with the wingtip vortices and downwash, reducing induced drag. This is ground effect. It can let the airplane become airborne below normal flying speed, which is a trap: if you climb out of ground effect before reaching a safe climb speed, induced drag rises and the airplane may settle back or fail to climb. On landing, excess speed in ground effect causes floating. Separately, single-engine propeller airplanes have several left-turning tendencies. P-factor is the most cited: at a high angle of attack the descending right blade takes a bigger bite of air than the ascending left blade, so thrust is asymmetric and the nose yaws left. It is strongest at high power and high angle of attack — exactly the climb — and is held off with right rudder. Torque, spiraling slipstream, and gyroscopic precession add to the effect.